National 5G Plans and Strategies

Royal Decrees adopted in July 2018 among which draft regarding the 700 MHz, 1500 MHz and 3600 MHz bands. Plans released in September 2018.

In July 2018, Royal Decrees were adopted among which draft regarding the 700 MHz, 1500 MHz and 3600 MHz bands. In September 2018, the BIPT released its plans for the introduction of 5G in Belgium. 700 MHz, 3400-3800 MHz and 1500 MHz (SDL, or Supplementary Downlink) frequencies are expected to be auctioned in the autumn of 2019. The 26 GHz band auction will not take place before 2021. Upper frequencies (31.8-33.4 GHz and 40.5-43.5 GHz) should be auctioned as from 2022.

The BIPT provided consultations on the introduction of 5G in Belgium in September 2018, a communication regarding the introduction of 5G in Belgium (September 2018) and the national strategy for 700 MHz band in October 2018. The BIPT gave details on the 700 MHz auction in November 2018.  Bids will start at a reserve price of 20 million EUR per 5 MHz block for 20-year licenses.

In May 2019, the BIPT issued a consultation on its draft decision to deny CityMesh’s request to add some municipalities to its 3.5 GHz band licence. It also opened a public consultation to assess interest in using the 26GHz band for 5G services. It believes it possible to assign six blocks of 200MHz without migrating the band’s existing users, while a further ten blocks would be available once the spectrum is vacated.

5G border corridor Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia.

The Communications Regulation Commission (CRC) of Bulgaria closed a public consultation on frequency allocations in October 2017. It proposed to sell eight blocks of 5 MHz in the 1.5 GHz band (1452-1492 MHz), three paired blocks of 5 MHz in the 2 GHz band (1920-1935 MHz/2110-2125 MHz), 14 paired 5 MHz blocks of frequency division duplex (FDD) spectrum in the 2.6 GHz band (2500-2570 MHz/2620-2690 MHz), ten blocks of 5 MHz TDD spectrum in the 2.6 GHz band (2570-2620 MHz), 34 blocks of 5 MHz in the 3.6 GHz band (3430-3600 MHz) and further 22 blocks of 5 MHz TDD in the 3.6 GHz band (3645-3700 MHz and 3745-3800 MHz).

In July 2018, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia signed an agreement to develop an experimental 5G cross-border corridor (Thessaloniki – Sofia – Belgrade) that will test autonomous vehicles.

In December 2018, Bulgaria’s telecommunications authority (CRC) opened a public consultation procedure on a draft decision to adopt an updated regulatory policy for management of radio spectrum. It includes a proposal to redistribute spectrum in the 3400-3800 MHz band for 5G use and define the conditions for use of at least 1GHz of spectrum in 24.25-27.5 GHz band.

Another public consultation was launched on elements of a new radio spectrum policy including redistribution at 1800 MHz, allocation of 2000 MHz frequencies, use of 3400-3800 MHz spectrum, conditions for releasing 1 GHz of 24.25-27.5 GHz frequencies for 5G, allocation of 700 MHz to mobile services.

Strategy for Broadband Development in Croatia 2016-2020.

The Strategy for Broadband Development in Croatia for 2016-2020 was adopted in July 2016. It aims at achieving full broadband deployment by a technology neutral approach. The estimated budget for the implementation of the Strategy measures is circa 770 MEUR.

A round table on “introduction of the 5G network in Croatia” was held in May 2018. On January 25, 2019, HAKOM issued a public consultation for allocating spectrum in 2.5-2.69 GHz for the period of May 2019 until October 2024. The frequencies could be used for 5G.

According to HAKOM, at the 3400-3590 MHz band 90 MHz is now available and after 4 November 2023 the whole band will be available countrywide. The 3590-3800 MHz band will be available countrywide after 31 December 2020. The 24.25-27.5 GHz band is available countrywide.

In March 2019, Croatia adopted a new plan with 5G as a priority. At the same time, Tele2, A1 and Croatian Telekom were awarded spectrum in band 7 (2500-2690 MHz).

Updated Cyprus Broadband Plan 2016-2020[1]

In 2016, the Cyprus Broadband Plan 2016-2020 was published and updated in December 2018, in order to be aligned with the targets of the European Gigabit Society and the 5G Action Plan.

The document covers the strategic objectives, the broadband actions and the national roadmap for 5G. In the long term the objectives are 100% coverage with 30 Mbps and 50% household penetration with 100 Mbps by 2020. The Official procedure for licencing the 5G priorities bands (700 MHz, 3.6 GHz and 26 GHz) is expected in Q4 2019.

On August 30, 2019, the Cyprus government issued a consultation on its plans to auction the 700 MHz, 3.4-3.8 GHz, and 26 GHz bands. The consultation will be opened to public comment until September 27, 2019. The auction is scheduled for November 2019. Licensees will have to provide 40% 5G geographical coverage within 2 years and 85% within 5 years.

[1 ] here

• National Plan for the Development of Next Generation Networks 2016-2020.
• 7 GHz spectrum auctioned off. Spectrum auctions in the 700 MHz and 3.5 GHz frequencies scheduled for January 2020
• The Government of the Czech Republic adopted the National Plan for the Development of Next Generation Networks in October 2016.
• The Czech Telecommunication Office (CTU) auctioned off 3.7 GHz spectrum in 2017 to four bidders, including two new players:
  • Telecom 5G: two 40 MHz blocks 3720-3760 MHz and 3760-3800 MHz
  • O2 Czech Republic: one block 3680-3720 MHz
  • PODA: 3640-3680 MHz
  • Vodafone Czech Republic: one block 3600-3640 MHz
  • Each 40 MHz block was sold for CZK 203 million (9.2 million USD), for a total of CZK 1.015 billion.

This spectrum seems to be dedicated to “Geographically localised BWA with fixed, mobile or nomadic terminals” and not 5G (source: CTU – http://spektrum.ctu.cz/en/band/3400-3600-mhz?filter%5BfrequencyFrom%5D=3&filter%5BfrequencyFromUnit%5D=GHz&filter%5BfrequencyTo%5D=4&filter%5BfrequencyToUnit%5D=GHz).

• Consultation for the 3.4-3.6 GHz band took place from June 2018 until January 2019.
• At the beginning of 2019, CTU gave more details on the 5G auction that includes the 700 MHz and the 3.4-3.6 GHz bands for consultation until 25 January 2019. In June 2019, the CTU published the draft plan of the 700 MHz (2×30 MHz, 703–733/758–788 MHz) and 3.5 GHz bands auction (190 MHz, 3410-3600 MHz). The call for tenders is scheduled for autumn 2019, while the auction itself should take place in January 2020. The regulator wants frequency allocations granted in April and frequency blocks available to operators by mid-2020. The minimum price for individual auction blocks will be 6.3 billion CZK (240 million EUR). Terms and condition of the auction:
• Successful bidders will have to cover municipalities currently identified as white spaces.
• They must cover 95% of the population of all these communities within three years of the allocation.
• By January 2025 100% of the backbone network of railway and road corridors, and 95% of municipalities above 50,000 must be covered.
• Within ten years the winning operators must cover 99% of the population and 90% of the territory of each district of the Czech Republic.

The national 5G plan was published in February 2019. In March 2019, Denmark completed its auction of the 700, 900 and 2,300 MHz bands, TDC, Hi3G and TT-Netvaerket, raising total proceeds of DKK 2.21 billion (EUR 296 million). The licenses are valid from April 2020.

• Hi3G Denmark ApS won 2 x 10 MHz in the 700 MHz band and 2 x 10 MHz in the 900 MHz band at a total cost of almost 65 million EUR
• DC A/S won 2×15 MHz in the 700 MHz band, 2×10 MHz in the 900 MHz-band, 60 MHz in the 2300 MHz band and 20 MHz for SDL in the 700 MHz-band at a total cost of almost 217 million EUR
• TT-Netvaerket P/S won 2×5 MHz in the 700 MHz band and 2×10 MHz in the 900 MHz band at a total cost of 14 million EUR

According to the 5G Action Plan, the 3.5 GHz band is expected to be made available for 5G in 2020. It is further expected that 5G will be introduced in the 26 GHz band afterwards.

Estonia conducted a consultation on 5G in April 2018. The NRA, TJA, indicated in May 2018 that an auction would be organised for the 3.6 GHz band.

In January 2019, the Minister of Enterpreneurship and Information Technology signed a draft regulation setting the basis, so that electronic communications operators can start developing 5G networks in the 3.6 GHz band.

In March 2019, a 5G spectrum roadmap was issued with plans to auction 700 MHz spectrum in the first semester 2020. The potential of spectrum in the 40-44 GHz and 66-71 GHz ranges was mentioned.

The auction for 390 MHz of spectrum in the 3.6 GHz band was suspended in April 2019 following a complaint about the rules of the tender. Levikom Eesti, a provider of IoT and fixed-wireless internet services, said that auctioning only three licences in the 3.6GHz band would favour the country’s trio of incumbent cellcos, while also hampering competition.

Main points

• The 700 MHz band frequencies assigned in November 2016.
• In May 2018, the government launched a consultation to free spectrum in the 3.6 GHz band.
• The 3.6 GHz band spectrum auctions took place in September 2018.
• Elisa, first 5G network in Europe launched in June 2018.
• Early award of trial licences to a large number of companies (October 2015-October 2017).

5G Test Network Finland (5GTNF) is a consortium of industrial partners (vendors, including Nokia, MNOs including Telia and Elisa, FICORA, Finnish universities and research institutes including Aalto, Oulu, Turku, VTT…) aiming at providing the best and most appealing 5G test network environment and ecosystem.

At the end of 2018, the Finnish Ministry of Transport and Communications has published a new strategy for digital infrastructure. The strategy contains Finland’s 5G deployment plan and deals especially with the 3.6 GHz and 26 GHz bands.

Main points

• 700 MHz frequencies assigned in December 2015.
• Consultation on 5G, 2016.
• Trials licences and trial cities, 2017.
• 5G pilot window, Jan. 2018.
• Provision of mid-band spectrum for trials in selected cities.
• Ongoing discussions and study to open up 3.4-3.8 GHz and 26 GHz spectrum to 5G.
• 5G roadmap, July 2018.
• 5 GHz auction expected in Q4 2019 or Q1 2020

The 5G road began in 2016 when ARCEP launched a public consultation on 5G. The process accelerated in 2017 when ARCEP consulted on its 5G roadmap and awarded trial licences.

• In March 2017, ARCEP published a report in “5G: Issues and Challenges”
• In January 2017, ARCEP launched a public consultation on “New frequencies for the regions, businesses 5G and innovation”.
• Creation of a 5G pilot window 5G@arcep.fr in January 2018. ARCEP opened a 5G pilot window for assigning frequencies to stakeholders wanting to perform full-scale 5G pilot trials (ports, hospitals, connected roadways…).
• On May 22nd, 2018, ARCEP launched a public consultation on making the pioneer 26 GHz band available to kick-start 5G rollouts. It ran until 18 June 2018.
• 5G trial authorisations in many cities. Ongoing and completed trials (when mentioned) include: Marseille (Orange), Lille/Douai (Orange), Sophia-Antipolis, Chatillon (Orange ended), Linas, Pau, Paris (Ericsson ended, SFR ended, Bouygues Telecom ended, SFR, Orange), Sophia-Antipolis (Orange-EDF-Eurecom ended), Vélizy (Bouygues Telecom ended, SFR), Linas-Monthléry (Bouygues Telecom, Orange), Bordeaux Mérignac (Bouygues Telecom ended, Bouygues Telecom), Nantes ( SFR ended), Lyon (SFR ended, Bouygues Telecom), Pau (Orange ended), Toulouse (SFF-Airbus ended), Grenoble (CEA-Leti), Saint Denis (Orange), Cesson-Sévigné (b<>com ended), Lannion (b<>comn ended), Nozay (Nokia ended), Cesson-Sévigné, Saint Maurice de Rémens (Bouygues Telecom), Toulouse-Francazal (SFR), Ouistreham (CEA Leti).

• Mid-July 2018, ARCEP disclosed the French 5G roadmap and announced the launch of four priority areas:
  • Free up and assign 5G spectrum; ARCEP is currently working hard on future connectivity needs and on freeing-up and awarding 3.4-3.8 GHz spectrum
  • Facilitate development of new uses and applications
  • Support deployment of new infrastructures
  • Ensure transparency and discussion on 5G deployments and on public exposure
• A public consultation on the 1.5 GHz band was opened between July 30th and September 30th, 2018.
• A public consultation on award procedures, procedures sequencing and on requirements was opened between October 26th and December 19th, 2018 to collect ideas and needs from operators, local authorities, vertical market players, economic stakeholders and all interested parties. ARCEP will be holding a second consultation on the call or calls to tender, which it will then propose to the Government. The call for tenders is expected by YE 2019.
• In February 2019, the French government and the national regulatory authority, ARCEP, issued a call for 5G trials in the 26 GHz frequency band in France.
• ARCEP issued a consultation on planned continued use of the 3.4-3.8 GHz band for wireless local loop services in May 2019.
• In July 2019, ARCEP opened a public consultation on the terms and conditions for the allocation of 5G spectrum in the 3.4GHz-3.8GHz band. The regulator is planning to release 31 TDD blocks (10MHz each) in the 3490MHz-3800MHz band. The procedure will include a first stage, in which operators can obtain frequency blocks for optional commitments, before a second stage (auction), which will allow candidates to obtain additional frequencies. Each bidder will be allowed to purchase a maximum of 100MHz. Operators could be obliged to offer 5G in at least two cities before the end of 2020. The obligations to support the deployment of 5G equipment are the following: 3,000 sites by 2022, 8,000 (2024) and 12,000 (2025).
• In September 2019, the head of French regulator ARCEP suggested that the country may opt for a sharing regime in the 26 GHz band, in which verticals will be able to gain access to spectrum.

Other public initiatives

The other public initiatives aim to create appropriate ecosystem in the country to create a dynamic buoyant ecosystem favorable to innovation:

• The initiative “La French tech”
• The initiative “France Très Haut Débit” (Optic Fiber)
• The programme “Nouvelle France Industrielle” (New Industrial France) created in October 2013 by French government to boost productivity and investments in 34 industrial sectors. The initial budget of 3.7 billion EUR. The programme gathers industrial players, public institutions, competition committees, operators, and well-established research organizations for 13 priority actions where fiber broadband and 5G are key elements.

In February 2019, the French government and the national regulatory authority, Arcep, issued a call for 5G trials in the 26 GHz frequency band in France.

Other public initiatives

The other public initiatives aim to create appropriate ecosystem in the country to create a dynamic buoyant ecosystem favorable to innovation:

• The initiative “La French tech”
• The initiative “France Très Haut Débit” (Optic Fiber)
• The programme “Nouvelle France Industrielle” (New Industrial France) created in October 2013 by French government to boost productivity and investments in 34 industrial sectors. The initial budget of 3.7 billion EUR. The programme gathers industrial players, public institutions, competition committees, operators, and well-established research organizations for 13 priority actions where fiber broadband and 5G are key elements.

In February 2019, the French government and the national regulatory authority, Arcep, issued a call for 5G trials in the 26 GHz frequency band in France.

Main points

• The 700 MHz frequencies assigned in June 2015.
• “5G for Germany”, autumn 2016.
• 5G spectrum roadmap, 2018.
• Final conditions for 5G Auction, November 2018.
• 4-3.7 GHz (300 MHz) and 2 GHz (2×60 MHz) 5G auction ended in June 2019 raising 6.55 billion EUR (of which 4.18 billion EUR for 36 GHz spectrum). Licences include coverage obligations.

5G initiatives

The Bundesnetzagentur published its “Frequency Compass” in July 2016 in a view to identify areas for regulatory action on spectrum for 5G. More detailed Points of Orientation were published in December 2016.

The Government launched in autumn 2016 its “5G Initiative for Germany”. In a paper released in September 2017, the Federal Government describes the national 5G strategy (context, actions, rollouts) over the period to 2025. It defines five field of actions, key milestones and allocates 80 MEUR to 5G research initiatives in 5G research centres:

Based on the submitted views, the German NRA released key elements and launched a formal demand for nationwide assignments in the 2 GHz and 3.6 GHz bands in June 2017.

In January 2018, the German NRA released a draft consultation setting out that scarce spectrum in the 2 and 3.6 GHz bands would be auctioned. Decisions I and II were published in May 2018.

• In the 2 GHz band, 2×40 MHz will be made available as from 1^st, January 2021. An additional 2×20 MHz will be available as from 1^st January 2026.

In the 3.6 GHz band (3.4-3.7 GHz), some of the spectrum is assigned de facto on a nationwide basis (until 2021/2022) will be available as from 1^st January 2022 (earlier stage as from 2019). Other public initiatives award conditions and auctions rules for 5G were released on November 26^th, 2018.

The 5G spectrum auctions begun spring 2019. The qualification procedure was open from November 26^th, 2018 until January 25^th, 2019. Coverage conditions have been strengthened while the 5G timetable seems to have been softened. Conditions are set in two stages (2022 and 2024). BNetzA should now prepare the application process for the verticals (mainly industrial sites) for the upper 100 MHz of 3.6 GHz (3.7-3.8 GHz) within a few weeks.

The final draft conditions require minimum data rates of 100 Mbps available by the end of 2022 in 98% of households in each state, all federal highways, and all main roads and along the major railway routes. The regulator said that the minimum coverage rules will not be applicable to any new entrant. Bundesnetzagentur’s document also includes expectation that operators would work together on providing coverage in areas not economically viable for each to install their own equipment.

Coverage requirements:

• At least 100 Mbit/s for at least 98% of households in each federal state by the end of 2022,
• At least 100 Mbit/s and a maximum latency of 10 ms for all German motorways by the end of 2022
• At least 100 Mbit/s and a maximum latency of 10 ms for all federal roads with connectivity function levels 0 or 1 by the end of 2022,
• Of at least 100 Mbit/s and a maximum latency of 10 ms for all other federal roads by the end of 2024,
• At least 50 Mbit/s for all state roads by the end of 2024
• At least 50 Mbit/s for seaports and the inland waterways core network by the end of 2024
• At least 100 Mbit/s for rail routes with more than 2,000 passengers daily by the end of 2022, at least 50 Mbit/s for all other rail routes by the end of 2024,
• And, by the end of 2022:
• Operation of 1,000 “5G base stations”, and
• Operation of 500 base stations with a transmission rate of at least 100 Mbit/s in not-spots.

The 3.6 GHz band auctions started in March 2019. On June 5, 2019, the regulator ramped up minimum bids in an attempt to wrap up the 5G spectrum auction. The process ended on June 12, 2019 raising 6.55 billion EUR after 497 rounds. Deutsche Telekom bid 2.17 billion EUR for 130 MHz of the 420 MHz of spectrum allocated in the 2 and 3.6 GHz frequencies. Vodafone got 130 MHz for 1.88 billion EUR and Telefonica got 90 MHz for 1.42 billion EUR. Drillisch paid 1.07 billion EUR for 70 MHz. Frequencies will be available as from 2021 or 2026.

The Minister for transport and digital infrastructure in Germany updated the national mobile strategy in September 2019. A 5-point plan was announced. The central topic raised deals with coverage issues (extending coverage) and especially with ways and means to reduce white spots in 4G and consequently in 5G.

National mobile operators agreed to i)provide reliable voice and data services in 99% of households nationwide by the end of 2020, and 99% of households in each state by 2021, especially in rural areas, ii)increase intra-cooperation and build at least 1,400 masts accessible to any operator, iii) meet a minimum of 100 Mbps speeds across major transport routes, iv)and install base stations in “white spots” unserved rural areas. Dedicated funds for Municipalities will be opened to help them actively contribute to improve mobile coverage.

Main points

• Trial licences in 3.4-3.8 GHz frequencies issued in Q1 2019 with award of licences expected in Q4 2019.
• 5G cross-border corridor (Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia).
• EETT expects to see 5G trials using upcoming trial licences.
• EETT expects to award 3.4-3.8 GHz spectrum in Q4 2019.
• 700 MHz auction is scheduled in July 2020. Spectrum will be available for both mobile and fixed services in December 2020.

In March 2018, the EETT announced the results of its public consultation on the award of spectrum in the 3400-3800MHz band for 4G/5G use.

In July 2018, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia signed an agreement to develop an experimental 5G cross-border corridor (Thessaloniki – Sofia – Belgrade) that will test autonomous vehicles.

In October 2018, EETT launched a consultation on the granting of rights to use spectrum between 3400–3800 MHz and 24.25–27.5 GHz bands for 5G testing.

In January 2019, the Hellenic Telecommunications and Post Commission (EETT) issued the Technical Announcement entitled “Review of Frequency Bands for the Deployment of 5G Networks” aiming to inform all interested parties (incumbent and new providers of electronic communication networks, equipment manufacturers, radio-spectrum users in general, verticals) with respect to the radio frequency bands that are currently under review by EETT and are expected to be used for the deployment of fifth generation (5G) wireless broadband networks in the near future, taking also into consideration the relevant developments at a European level.

Late in January 2019, EETT issued a public consultation on the potential issuance of mobile licences for the 1500 MHz band.

“Digital Success Programme 2.0”. Strategic study.

European 5G hub for 5G.

700 MHz/2100 MHz/2600 MHz auctions scheduled for October 2019

3.6 GHz auction scheduled for September 2019

In July 2017, the domestic Government stated three major objectives for Hungary in its “Digital Success Programme 2.0”. Strategic study.

• Hungary to become a European hub for 5G developments by 2018
• Hungary to play a leading regional role in testing applications based on 5G technology
• Hungary to be among the first to adopt 5G technology after 2020.

The 5G coalition with up to 50 Hungarian government institutions, companies, business chambers, universities, research institutes and professional and civic organisations was formed mid-June 2017. The 5G Coalition set goals including drawing up a 5G development strategy and creating a testing environment to give Hungary a say in setting global 5G standards, aiming for the nation to become an early 5G adopter from 2020.

The NMHH issued a public consultation in June 2019 (comments expected by July 8, 2019) on its plans to auction 700 MHz, 2.1 GHz, 2.6 GHz and 3.6 GHz. The auction is expected late in 2019.

700 MHz

NMHH plans to auction 708-733/763-788 MHz band, 50 MHz in five lots. The starting date of the onsite bidding is 10 am Tuesday, 1 October 2019. Spectrum will be available as from September 2020.

2100 MHz

NMHH plans to auction the 2.1 GHz band (1980/2155-2170 MHz or 30 MHz in three lots of 2x5MHz), and the 2.6 GHz band (2500-2690 MHz, 15 MHz).

The onsite bidding of the 2100 MHz band starts at 10 am Monday, 7 October 2019. In the case of the 2600 MHz frequency band, the onsite bidding starts at 10 am Monday, 23 September 2019.

3.4-3.8 GHz

In June 2016, NMHH auctioned off 3.4-3.8 GHz spectrum to Vodafone and Digi. Licenses for 60+20 MHz TDD usage at present in the lower part of the band. Vodafone: 3410-3470 MHz, Digi: 3470-3490 MHz. New technical criteria for the introduction of 5G can be implemented (under elaboration).

In June 2019, NMHH announced it expects to auction 310 MHz of 3.6 GHz spectrum (31 lots of 10 MHz). The onsite bidding starts at 10 am Wednesday, 25 September 2019.

26 GHz band

• Intensive fixed service use currently in 24.5-26.5 GHz sub-band.
• Expiry date of most of the licenses is 2027.
• Negotiation with present frequency users is ongoing.
• 5-27.5 GHz sub-band suitable for early introduction of 5G
• Strategy for implementing new technical criteria for the introduction of 5G is under elaboration and the rules for the transition period are to be developed.
• The Authority also considers 26 GHz spectrum for 5G. However, due to lack of demand on that specific band (Public consultation held on that topic during Summer 2019), plans are on hold

Other bands

The June 2019 consultation also deals with 2.1 (two lots of 2×7.5 MHz) and 2.6 GHz (15 MHz) spectrum, expected to be auctioned at the end of 2019.

3.4-3.8 GHz band

360 MHz of TDD spectrum has already been auctioned in 2017. Licenses for 5G services will start in January 2019 and will expire on 31 July 2032 (fifteen years).

“The Auction resulted in the successful assignment of all 360 MHz of TDD spectrum. The Auction offered this spectrum in 594 lots spread over nine geographic regions (four rural and five urban) and is assigned on a contiguous basis.” (Source: ComReg)

• Imagine Communications Ireland Ltd (Imagine), currently the largest Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) obtained spectrum rights of use for 60 MHz in each of the rural regions;
• Airspan Spectrum Holdings Ltd (Airspan), a new entrant and the UK arm of a US global provider of 4G broadband wireless systems and solutions. Airspan’s products serve operators and markets such as smart utilities, transportation and public safety in both licensed and licence exempt frequency bands. Airspan obtained spectrum rights of use for 25 MHz in the rural regions and 60 MHz in the cities;
• Vodafone Ireland Ltd, a mobile network operator obtained 85 MHz in rural regions and 105 MHz in the cities;
• Three Ireland Hutchison Ltd, obtained 100 MHz nationally;
• Meteor Mobile Communications Ltd, obtained 80 MHz in the rural regions and 85 MHz in the cities.

700 MHz, 2.1/2.3/2.6 GHz bands

From June 2019 to July 30, 2019, ComReg issued a consultation the 700 MHz, 2.1 GHz, 2.3 GHz, and 2.6 GHz bands.

It proposes to attach “precautionary” coverage obligations to the 700 MHz band. ComReg proposes to use a combinatorial clock auction.

26 GHz bands (24.745 – 25.277 GHz paired with 25.753 GHz – 26.285 GHz)

The 26 GHz auction took place from April to June 2018. 840 MHz or 15 of 19 Lots of 2 × 28 MHz in the range 24.745 – 25.277 GHz paired with 25.753 GHz – 26.285 GHz was auctioned to the three mobile players in place. Each mobile player got 280 MHz. Vodafone paid 550,000 EUR while Three and Meteor Mobile paid 350,000 EUR.

It consisted of a “sealed bid combinatorial auction” using a second price rule and applying processes and rules as set out in the Information Memorandum. Winning Bidders will pay approximately 5 million EUR for spectrum rights of use, comprising 1.25 million EUR in upfront fees of 3.75 million EUR in spectrum usage fees which will be paid over the 10-year duration of the licenses.

Main points

• 5G for Italy, 2016, 5G strategy, pushed by TIM, around identified cities and application areas.
• Trial licences and trial cities, mid-2017.
• 700 MHz/3.5 GHz auctions in November 2018, 26 GHz spectrum auctions, October 2018, first in Europe.
• Launch of Vodafone and TIM 5G service in June 2019

The Italian 5G strategy kick-started late in 2016 when the domestic NRA announced the start of a fact-finding survey for the development of mobile and wireless systems towards the 5G and the utilization of the spectrum above 6 GHz.

In March 2017, the Government selected five 5G trial cities, including Milan (Vodafone), Prato (Wind Tre-Open Fiber), L’Aquila (Wind Tre-Open Fiber), Bari and Matera (Telecom Italia-Fastweb-Huawei Technologies), that will use 100 MHz of 3.6-3.8 GHz spectrum. Provisional licences are valid from September 2017 to 2020.

At year-end 2017, the “Bari-Matera plan” involving MNOs, cities, research centers and equipment vendors was unveiled and began. The 60 MEUR over four years (2018-2021) plan gathers 55 partners including seven universities and research centers, public interest communities, vertical leaders, start-ups and telecom players (TIM, Fastweb, Huawei). The plan focuses on ten application areas including media/virtual reality, smart port, smart city, smart agriculture, public safety, industry 4.0, health 5.0, road safety, tourism and culture, and environmental monitoring over 70 use cases.

In May 2018, the NRA announced 5G multi-band spectrum auctions (in the 700 MHz, 3.6-3.8 GHz and 26 GHz bands). 700 MHz and 26 GHz spectrum auctions ended respectively in September and October 2018.  The five 26 lots of 26 GHz spectrum raised 167.3 million EUR. 700 MHz frequencies raised globally 2.04 billion EUR. The 3.6-3.8 GHz spectrum auction hit over 4 billion EUR.

Coverage obligations

To ensure widespread improvements in mobile coverage across the Italy, the Ministry of Economic Development, based on the national regulatory authority (AGCOM) rules, has established coverage obligations for the 700 MHz FDD band and 3600-3800 MHz band.

Concerning the 700 MHz FDD band, the coverage obligations will require winning bidders to roll out improved mobile coverage of national population, tourist locations and main national road and rail transport routes.

Concerning the 3600-3800 MHz band, the coverage obligations require 80 MHz winning bidders to roll out improved mobile coverage in a mandatory list of municipalities. Within 90 days from the date of the award, the winning bidders have to submit a list of municipalities to be covered to the Ministry of Economic Development. Then, the winning bidders have 72 months from the date of the award to prove they are ready to provide on demand the 5G service in all municipalities of their mandatory list. The mandatory list has to include at least 10% of all Italian municipalities under 5.000 inhabitants. All Italian municipalities under 5.000 inhabitants out the mandatory lists are signed in a free list. Any subject, which is not an TLC operator, from 120 days from the award can declare to the Ministry its willingness to offer the service in a municipalities of free list, using leasing contract with 3600-3800 MHz winning bidders.

Finally concerning the 3600-3800 MHz band, the coverage obligations require 20 MHz winning bidders to reach the coverage of 5% of the population of each Italian region.

In September-October 2018, the NRA auctioned 60 MHz of 700 MHz spectrum for 2 billion EUR, 200 MHz of 3.6-3.8 GHz spectrum for 4 billion EUR and 1,000 MHz of 26 GHz for 167 million EUR.

• Globally 1,275 MHz are offered for sale broken down into 700 MHz frequencies (75 MHz), all the upper part of the 3.4-3.8 GHz frequencies (200 MHz divided in two blocks of 80 MHz and two blocks of 20 MHz in 3.6-3.8 GHz) and all the upper part of 26 GHz frequencies (1 GHz divided in five 200 MHz blocks in 26.5-27.5 GHz).
• Telecom Italia, Wind, Tre, Vodafone, Illiad and Fastweb submitted bids for about 2.48 billion EUR, in line with the government’s expectations (2.5 billion EUR). As a new player, Illiad was allowed to bid for a reserve package of up to three blocks in 700 MHz frequencies worth of 676.5 million EUR.
• The process started mid-September and ended on October 2nd, 2018. The whole auction ended after 14 days of intense bidding, far above expectations, reaching 6.55 billion EUR of which 4 billion EUR for the highly-coveted mid-frequencies.
• The 700 MHz auction process ended mid-September 2018. 700 MHz frequencies raised globally 2.04 billion EUR. Telecom Italia announced it had paid 680.2 million EUR for 2×10 MHz. Illiad paid 676.5 million EUR for 2×10 MHz. Vodafone spent 683.2 million EUR for 2×10 MHz. Licenses are valid 15 years, starting in 2022.
• The mi-band auction ended on October 2nd, 2018, 14 days after start and 171 rounds. Telecom Italia and Vodafone won the largest blocks of spectrum (80 MHz each) for approx.1.7 billion EUR each. Respectively they paid 1.694 billion EUR and 1.685 billion EUR. Wind and Iliad paid 483.9 million EUR each for 20 MHz of spectrum each (483.92 million EUR for Wind and 483.9 million EUR for Illiad). Overall, the 3.7 GHz auction hit over 4 billion EUR reaching 4.3 billion EUR. The average price of spectrum closed at 18 cEUR/MHz/PoP/10 years significantly higher than in the UK or in Spain.
• The auction for 26 GHz frequencies have not shown a huge interest by players. The five lots were allocated, raising a total of 167.3 million EUR. Telecom Italia paid its lot 33 million EUR, Illiad received another lot for a little less at 32.9 million EUR, while Fastweb, Wind and Vodafone paid 32.6 million EUR each.
• On 21 February, TIM Italy and Vodafone have agreed on a passive network sharing deal for 5G including all 22,000 antenna sites controlled by the operators.

1500 MHz

At the beginning of 2019, SRPK cancelled Lattetelecom’s rights of fixed use of 1427-1452 and 1492-1517 MHz frequencies as from 2021. SRPK intends to provide mobile 5G services in 1427-1517 MHz frequencies.

In August 2019, Latvia’s regulator issued a consultation on its plans to auction the 1432 – 1492 MHz band before January 2021. The consultation was closed on September 4.

3.4-3.8 GHz

100 MHz of 3.4-3.8 GHz frequencies partially auctioned off in November 2017. LMT obtained the two 50 MHz blocks (3400 MHz-3450 MHz and 3650 MHz-3700 MHz) for the reserve price of 250,000 EUR a piece. The concessions are valid for 10 years, from January 2019 to December 2028.

Remaining 50 MHz of 3.5 GHz spectrum auctioned off in September 2018. SPRK auctioned off 50 MHz of spectrum for 5G services at 3550-3600 MHz to Tele2 Latvia in September 2018. The auction raised 6.5 million EUR for a 10-year licence valid from January 1^st, 2019.

RRT opened a public consultation on the use of 3.4-3.8 GHz and 3.8-4.2 GHz frequencies from April to May 2018. A second public consultation on the use of 3.4-3.8 GHz frequencies was issued between October and November 2018. The consultation closed in April 2019.

3.4-3.8 GHz frequencies are expected to be awarded in 2019. 700 MHz frequencies are expected to be awarded before 2022.

5G Strategy, September 2018.

Two public consultations have been launched on spectrum for 5G to date followed by the released of the Luxembourg 5G Strategy on September 13^th, 2018.

In May 2019, a public consultation was launched on the use of 700 MHz and 3.4-3.6 GHz spectrum for 5G.

In July 2019, Luxembourg’s Department of Media, Telecommunications and Digital Policy launched a call for projects involving 5G mobile communications or similar technologies, such as IoT or smart cities. The initiative aims to facilitate the emergence of innovative technologies and services, in line with the country’s National 5G Strategy. Projects should have a duration of between six and 24 months.

700 MHz/3.4-3.7 GHz

Assignment of the 700 MHz and 3.4-3.7 GHz bands is scheduled for the second half of 2019. Spectrum from 3.7-3.8 GHz will be considered separately. It is intended to be used by local applications.

26 GHz

The 26 GHz frequencies are expected to become available in the second half of 2020.

In February 2017, the Malta Communications Authority (MCA) revised its test and trial-licensing regime to further support the carriage of technology trials such as 5G and IoT. In November 2017, the MCA released an update of its strategy for 2018-2020. Main tasks include:

• Awarding the 800 MHz band and continuing process to clear the 700 MHz band.
• Publishing and commencing implementation of the National Spectrum Management Strategy.
• Continuing scoping work on spectrum earmarked for 5G. Managing information as the means to promote competition.
• Continue making the case for assumption of ex-post competition regulation powers.
• Maintaining the compliance framework set at safeguarding a competitive environment

In June 2018, the MCA released the National Roadmap for the UHF band between 470-790 MHz. The 700 MHz band will be made available for commercial wireless mobile broadband services as from June 2021. The roadmap follows a public consultation held between April 23^rd and May 22^nd, 2018.

In July 2019, the MCA published an amended decision making available the entire 1427-1517 MHz band for terrestrial systems capable of providing electronic communications services in Malta. The decision follows a public consultation procedure undertaken between 27 December 2018 and 8 February 2019.

The MCA published, in July 2019, the latest edition of the National Frequency Plan. The key developments in the Plan include the harmonization of radio spectrum in the 874-876 and 915-921 MHz and the 1427-1517 MHz frequency bands for terrestrial systems capable of providing electronic communications services.

The regulator also published, in the same month, a draft of its five-year Radio Spectrum Policy Programme. The MCA opened a consultation for this paper until the 5th August 2019.

Connectivity Action Plan, July 2018.

In December 2018, the Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) published a 5G paper “5G and the Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets”.

In June 2019, the ACM released an updated spectrum plan for 5G. The telecom regulator intends to auction 700, 1400, 2100 and 3500 MHz. The 700/1400 MHz spectrum is expected to become available from 2020, the 2100 MHz spectrum from 2021, the 3500 MHz (3400-3450 MHz) from September 2022 (3400-3450 and 3750-3800 MHz from 2026. The multi-band spectrum auction is scheduled for Q1 2020.

Main points

• 5G Strategy for Poland, January 2018.
• 5G spectrum consultation, July 2018.
• A few trials to date.
• 6-3.8 GHz auction expected in H1 2020
• 700 MHz auction expected from 2020 to 2022

In January 2018, the Ministry of Digital Affairs opened a public consultation on the “5G strategy for Poland” until 11 February 2018. According to the document, Poland will launch 5G in 2020 with 700 MHz frequencies in at least one Polish city by year-end and transport paths will be covered by 2025. Frequencies in the 3.4-3.8 GHz and 26 GHz bands will be assigned in 2021. The 5G strategy for Poland steered by the Ministry of Digital Affairs will be funded by public and community funds until 2023. The Ministry of Digital Affairs will allocated PLN 10-15 million to digitalization until 2023. The Ministry aims at easing permission for installing parts of the networks (e.g. masts) and restrictions on electromagnetic emissions.

Between July and August 2018, The Polish Office of Electronic Communications (UKE) issued a consultation on frequencies for 5G covering 700 MHz, 3.4-3.6 GHz, 3.6-3.8 GHz and 26 GHz bands. It proposes the sale of spectrum in these bands. Parts of the bands are currently used for telecom and TV services. UKE considers reorganization and reallocation in all bands.

In December 2018, UKE asked if 700 MHz spectrum could be opened up in 2020 to 2022.

In April 2019, the UKE announced that 3.6-3.8 GHz spectrum could be awarded by June or July 2020. The income of the Polish state budget from the auction is expected to amount to PLN 3.5-5 billion.

The UKE decided, in late August 2019, to allocate 5G-capable spectrum in the 3.4GHz-3.8 GHz range via a competitive auction rather than a tender process.

A public consultation on spectrum for 5G was released between March and April 2018. Frequencies studied included 450/700/900/1500/1800/2100/2600/3600 MHz and 26 GHz frequencies.

In July 2018, the Portuguese regulatory authority ANACOM approved the 700 MHz band plan for 5G services. The 700 MHz band will be freed up by June 2020. The release of the band will start in Q4 2019.

At the end of 2018, Portugal indicated that it was establishing a working group to work on the development of the Portuguese national 5G action plan. On the first half 2019, it worked on a public consultation on a proposed multiband spectrum auction (450/700/900/1500/1800 MHz, 2.1/2.6/3.6/26 GHz).

The National Authority for Management and Regulation in Communications (ANCOM) launched a public consultation on 5G spectrum between May and June 2018.

ANCOM launched a public consultation on the “National Strategy for the Implementation of 5G in Romania” between November 20^th and December 21^st, 2018.

In December 2018, the Romanian regulator, ANCOM, has issued a consultation about its action plan for 2019. ANCOM’s President, Sorin Grindeanu, said in a press release that its main project will be the auction of the 700 MHz, 800 MHz, 1500 MHz, 2.6 GHz, and 3.4 – 3.6 GHz bands for 5G services.

700 MHz/1500 MHz/2600 MHz/3400-3800 MHz

In June 2019, ANCOM published plans to auction spectrum in 700 (703-733/758-788 MHz and 738-753 MHz SDL), 800 (2×5 MHz FDD), 1500 (40 MHz SDL), 2600 (2×40 MHz FDD), and 3400-3800 MHz (90 MHz TDD valid in the 2020-2025 period, and 400 MHz TDD valid form 2026) frequencies by the end of October 2019. In July 2019, a consultation was issued to discuss technical details of the auction process. Licences should be valid as from June 20th, 2020.

Romanian regulator released the draft terms of its 5G contest in August. The procedure will include a first stage, in which operators can obtain frequency blocks for optional commitments, before a second stage (auction), which will allow candidates to obtain additional frequencies.

26.5-27.5 GHz

At least 1 GHz will be made available in the upper parts of the 26 GHz frequencies. The auction is expected in 2021.

In April 2017, the Slovakian regulator launched a public consultation on 26 GHz frequencies. As a result, 26 GHz frequencies are expected to be assigned after July 7, 2021.

At the end of 2018, the NRA indicated that 5G strategy is being prepared in Slovak Republic. At the same time, strategy on digital transformation of Slovakia is preparing where the part about infrastructure is also included.

In April 2019, the Slovakian regulator adopted a plan to use 700 MHz frequencies for 5G. It issued trial licences in this band. 700 MHz is expected to be used commercially after July 2020.

In June 2019, Slovakia launched a consultation on spectrum auctions methods for 700/800/900/1500 and 1800 MHz frequencies. 700 and 1500 MHz spectrum is primarily reserved for 5G services.

700 MHz (primarily for 5G)

Slovakia announced it plans to auction 700 MHz spectrum in the second half 2019. The spectrum will be available by June 2020.

3.6 GHz band

(Source: ec.europa.eu/newsroom/document.cfm?doc_id=44456)

This frequency band has been assigned for fixed wireless broadband access so it is likely to be used for 4G and not for 5G.

RÚ completed the assignment of the 3.5 GHz frequency band (3.4-3.6 GHz) in 2016. Frequency licences were assigned through electronic auction to three operators for the whole country (O2 Slovakia, SWAN and Slovanet). These run until August 2025.

However, the assignment procedure for the 3.7 GHz frequency band (3.6-3.8 GHz) is still ongoing. RÚ has started the assignment process for the remaining frequencies in this band concerning two segments: the 3600-3640 MHz and the 3760-3800 MHz bands. Licences for these frequencies are granted locally at district level. The first tenders were published in August 2016 and November 2016; calls continue to be published and new licences to be issued for use of the 3.7 GHz (3.6-3.8 GHz) band throughout Slovakia. The assignment procedure is expected to be finished in 2017. The planned use of frequencies assigned in 3.4-3.8 GHz band is for fixed wireless broadband access.

In January 2017, the Slovenian Government and AKOS called for project applications for testing 5G. In the call, trial licenses in 3.4-3.8 GHz frequencies were proposed. In October 2018, a controversy emerged regarding the allocation of 5G testing frequencies in the 700 MHz and 3.5 GHz spectrum. The 700 MHz frequency band was granted until January 2019. The 3.4 to 3.8 GHz band was granted until May 2021.

In July 2017, a consortium on PPDR issues (5G PPDR) was created. The following organizations are participating in the initiative: Telekom Slovenije, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Iskratel, Ericsson, Ministry of Internal Affairs – Police, the Ministry of Defence, Administration for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief, The Information Society Directorate of the Ministry of Public Administration, and AKOS.

Slovenia launched a public consultation for the assignment of spectrum in the 700 MHz band and in the 26 GHz for 4G and 5G services in 2017. Two blocks (56 MHz and 112 MHz) in the 26 GHz frequencies were awarded in January 2018. However they cannot be used for 5G services.

In May 2019, AKOS issued a consultation on its spectrum management strategy for the next fewyears. It wants to make a decision by June 2020 with respect to awarding the 700 MHz, 1400 MHz,2.1 GHz, 2.3 GHz, 3.4-3.8 GHz, and 26 GHz bands. The document also discusses the potentially making spectrum available for local wireless broadband networks in a portion of the 3.4-3.8 GHz band, as well as critical M2M services in a 2 x 3 MHz block of spectrum within the 700 MHz band.

Main points

• Early spectrum assignment process in the 3.4-3.6 GHz range took place in 2016. It is likely to be used for 4G.
• The 3.6-3.8 GHz auction ended in July 2018 and will be used by 5G networks:
  • Vodafone has eighteen 5 MHz blocks (€198.1m)
  • Orange has twelve 5 MHz blocks (€132.1m)
  • Telefonica has ten 5 MHz blocks (€107.4m)
• The 700 MHz auction will be held in the first months of 2020.
• 5G National Plan 2018-2020 – 5G Observatory in Barcelona, July 2017 consultation, release in 2018
• The 5G process in Spain started in July 2017 when the Government opened a public consultation about the 5G National Plan consisting of 25 questions.
• The 5G National plan 2018-2020 aims at “promoting the development and deployment of 5G technology” via the auction of spectrum in the 1.5 GHz and the 3.6 GHz bands in early 2018, and at “developing their infrastructures and telecommunications networks with a 5G platform”.
• 5G launch by Vodafone on June 15, 2019.

The Spanish government has allocated 1 MEUR to create a national 5G observatory in Barcelona, part of a project designed to boost the candidature of Barcelona as the European capital of 5G technological innovation. The observatory is part of the “5GBarcelona” joint initiative of the regional government of Catalonia with Barcelona City Hall, the Mobile World Capital Barcelona Foundation, the i2CAT Foundation, the CTTC (Centre Technologic de Telecommunication’s de Catalunya), Atos and the UPC (Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya).

5GBarcelona will develop a European 5G digital hub based on an open experimental infrastructure in the metropolitan area for validating 5G technologies and services. It will be an open innovation environment based on the collaboration between public and private institutions that will harmonize the ecosystem generated by the Mobile World Congress (MWC) and other technology fairs held in Barcelona. For this R&D&I programme, 500 kEUR were allocated during April-September 2017 to define the KPIs and challenges towards becoming an international digital hub.

The 3.6-3.8 GHz spectrum auction raised 438 MEUR in the end of July 2018.

The 700 MHz auction initially scheduled for spring 2019 was postponed late November 2018 to the first months of 2020.

Main points

• Broadband strategy paper.
• Nordic cooperation on 5G.
• Upcoming 5G spectrum auctions: preliminary study on 3.4-3.8 GHz and 24.25-27.5 GHz, May 2018.
• The 5G strategy in Sweden is based on the paper released in March 2017 entitled “A Completely Connected Sweden by 2025 – a Broadband Strategy”.
• Trial licenses have been granted on a first-come first served basis, valid from 2017 until 31st December 2019. 200 MHz of spectrum was made available in the 3.4-3.6 GHz band and 1000 Hz in the 24.5-275 GHz band.
• The Nordic countries signed a letter of intent in May 2018 to deepen cooperation on 5G.
• The 700 MHz auction took place in December 2018.
• 3 and 3.5 GHz auction scheduled for March 2020

In February 2019, a public consultation on upcoming award of the 2.3 and 3.5 GHz bands in Sweden was published.  PTS intends to award national licenses for 80 MHz in the 2.3 GHz band and 320 MHz at 3400 – 3720 MHz. Each 10 MHz block in the 2.3 GHz band would have a minimum price of SEK 20 million, and each 20 MHz block at 3.5 GHz would be sold for at least SEK 100 million. It also proposes to make the 3720 – 3800 MHz band available on a local basis. The auction is scheduled for March 2020.

Main points

• 5G strategy for the UK, 2016.
• Strategy paper “Next Generation Mobile Technologies: A 5G Strategy for the UK”, March 2017.
• Group of 5G research centers.
• 4-3.6 GHz spectrum auctioned in April 2018
• “5G Testbeds and Trials”, April 2018-March 2019.
• Statement on the review of spectrum used by fixed wireless services published in July 2018.
• Launch of EE 5G service on May 30, 2019
• Launch of Vodafone 5G service on July 3, 2019
• Launch of Three 5G service on August 19, 2019
• Plans to auction parts of 700 MHz and 3.6-3.8 GHz spectrum late in 2019 or early 2020

5G was initiated in 2016 when the Government announced its National Productivity Investment Fund (NPIF) worth in total of 23 BGBP, of which 740 MGBP funded by the government aiming at 5G trials and full fiber deployment across the UK by 2020-2021. Projects must complete all grant-funded activities by 31 March 2019.

In July 2018, Ofcom decided to change the authorization approach for fixed wireless systems in the 64-66 GHz band to license exempt and to implement common technical conditions across the 57-71 GHz band for short range wideband data transmission systems and fixed wireless systems as follows:

• For short range wideband data transmission
  1. Extension of the license exemption and technical conditions (from 57-666 GHz) up to 71 GHz
  2. Introduce new technical conditions to allow licence exempt use of lower power equipment operation in a fixed outdoor installation in the extended 57 – 71 GHz band.
• For fixed wireless systems
  1. Extend the current license exemption (from 57.1-63.9 GHz) up to 70.875 GHz
  2. Extend the current technical conditions (from 57.1-63.9 GHz) up to 70.875 GHz

In November 2018, the UK Government published the “National Infrastructure and Construction Pipeline” report for 2018. It gives an overview of investment (both public and private) that is underway or expected to be put toward 5G and full fibre (FTTP) between 2018/19 and 2020/21 (financial years). 6.85 billion GBP should be devoted to full fibre and 5G upgrades by 2021.

In June 2019, Ofcom issued a consultation on its proposals to allow defragmentation of the 3.4 – 3.8 GHz band. Portions of the 3.4 – 3.6 GHz band were awarded in 2018, and the regulator plans to award the 3.6 – 3.8 GHz band in 2020.

In August 2019, the UK government issued a consultation on how it should implement the European Electronic Communications Code (EECC). The consultation was closed on September 10.

700 MHz

In December 2018, OfCom announced plans to auction 700 MHz (80 MHz) and 3.6-3.8 GHz (120 MHz) spectrum in late 2019 or early 2020. The related public consultation ended in March 2019.

3.4-3.8 GHz band

3400-3600 MHz auctioned in April 2018.

The Government plans to auction 3600-3800 MHz frequencies in 2020. A consultation on defragmenting the 3.4-3.8 GHz band was issued in June 2019. As a result, it plans to introduce spectrum sharing and open up spectrum (3800-4200/1800/2300 MHz) to private network operators and vertical industry players on a first-come first-serve basis. Spectrum sharing will also be introduced in the 26 GHz frequencies, but only for indoor services.